BHEL Recruitment of Engineer Trainees - GATE 2018

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED - ENGINEER TRAINEE RECRUITMENT THROUGH GATE-2018

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) was incorporated in 1964 under the Indian Companies Act, 1956. 

BHEL, a Schedule- ‘A’ Maharatna CPSE, is today the largest engineering enterprise of its kind in India. BHEL 

caters to the needs of core sectors like Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation (including Railways), 

Defence, Water and various industries like Petrochemicals, Petroleum, Steel, Cement, Fertilizers etc. 

BHEL offers a challenging and rewarding career to young and dynamic graduates in the disciplines of  Mechanical and Electrical Engineering to contribute towards Nation building in the fields of Power, Industry, 

Transmission, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil & Gas, Defence & Water.

Position - Engineer Trainee

Mechanical – 30 No.s

Electrical – 20 Nos.

Total – 50 Nos.

Job Specifications:

Position 

Engineer 

Trainee

(Mechanical/

Electrical)

Educational Qualifications  

(Mechanical/Electrical)

Full-Time Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering /Technology or Five year integrated Master’s degree or Dual Degree programme in Engineering or Technology in the disciplines of Mechanical or Electrical Engineering from a recognized Indian University/ Institute .

Upper Age Limit (years)

27 Years (Candidates born before 01/09/1990 are not eligible to apply)
29 years for candidates having two
years’ full time Post Graduate in
Engineering or Business Administration/ Management

IMPORTANT NOTE: 

Candidates should be in a position to produce their Degree/Final year marks sheets by 1st July, 2018 or at 

the time of Interview, whichever is earlier.

♢ Equivalent Qualifications in Mechanical or Electrical Engineering

For the above two disciplines of Engineering (i.e. Mechanical and Electrical) candidates with Engineering 

Degree in other disciplines considered equivalent by BHEL as below may also apply. 

BHEL Discipline GATE -2018

Code

Disciplines of Engineering considered by BHEL 

for position of Engineer Trainee

Mechanical ME

1. Industrial and Production Engineering

2. Industrial Engineering

3. Mechanical Production and Tool Engineering

4. Production Technology Manufacturing

Engineering (NIFFT Ranchi)

5. Mechatronics

6. Manufacturing Process and Automation

7. Power Plant Engineering

8. Production Engineering

9. Production and Industrial Engineering

10. Thermal Engineering

11. Manufacturing Technology

12. Power Engineering

Note : Candidates having qualification in above Engineering disciplines should take GATE-2018 paper only in ME code, if they wish to be considered for Mechanical Discipline in BHEL

Electrical EE

1. Electrical & Electronics

2. Electrical, Instrumentation & Control

3. High Voltage Engg.

4. Power Systems & High Voltage Engg

5. Electrical Machine

6. Electronics & Power

7. Power Electronics

8. Power Plant Engineering.

9. Energy Engineering

10. Power Engineering

Note : Candidates having qualification in above 

Engineering disciplines should take GATE-20128

paper only in EE code, if they wish to be 

considered for Electrical Discipline in BHEL

♢RESERVATION & RELAXATION:

1. For PWD candidates: Reservation for PWD candidates will be in accordance with 

Government directives.

2. Upper age limit is relaxable for candidates belonging to the following categories as under: -

● SC/ST: - by 5 years

● OBC (NCL): – by 3 years

♢For getting the reservation benefits under OBC category:

i. The name of caste and community of the candidate must appear in the Central 

list of Other Backward Classes and the candidate must not belong to creamy 

layer.To see list of approved OBC caste/community name in the central list

ii. The candidates need to furnish their OBC – non creamy layer (NCL) certificate 

(not more than one year old from the date of application to BHEL as per the 

format prescribed by Government of India 

This format can be downloaded from BHEL careers website )

♢ Persons with Disabilities Candidates:

- by 10 years for General

- by 13 years for OBC (NCL)

- by 15 years for SC/ST.

♢Relaxation in age for Ex-Servicemen will be as per extant Govt. rules.
♢ Upper age limit is relaxable by 5 years for the candidates who had ordinarily been
domiciled in the state of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 1/1/1980 to
31/12/1989.

BHEL APPLICATION PROCESS:

The details regarding application process for BHEL shall be hosted in detail on website  www.careers.bhel.in/ 

Interested Candidates may visit BHEL Recruitment website  www.careers.bhel.in/for regular 

updates.


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What is specific heat ? What is latent heat and its type ?

SPECIFIC HEAT :- It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through a unit rise in temperature.
                   
HEAT CAPACITY :- The product of mass and specific heat is called Heat capacity.

LATENT HEAT :- It is the amount of heat transfer required to cause a phase change in unit mass of a substance at a constant pressure and temperature.

Types of Latent heat :-

1) Latent heat of fusion
2) Latent heat of vaporisation
3) Latent heat of sublimation

1) Latent heat of fusion :- It is the amount of heat transferred to melt unit mass of solid substance into liquid substance or to freeze unit mass of liquid to solid.

2) Latent heat of vaporisation :- It is the amount of heat required to vaporise unit mass of liquid into vapour , or condense unit mass of vapour into liquid.

3) Latent heat of sublimation :- is the amount of heat transferred to convert unit mass of solid to vapour or vice versa.

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                 IMPORTANT TECHNICAL                           QUESTIONS FOR ESE AND GATE ME

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What are the Properties of materials ?

Properties of materials:-

 Physical properties
     1) colour
     2) Density

Mechanical properties

 1) Strength :- It is defined as the ability of a material that can restained the mechanical load.

2) Hardness:- It is defined as the resistance offered by Material against mechanical deformation.

3) Fracture toughness :- It is defined as the ability of a material that can absorbed energy upto the failure.

4) Ductility :- It is defined as the ability of a material that can undergoes plastic deformation before failure takes place.

5) Stiffness :- It is defined as the ability of a material to resist the mechanical deformation under stress .

6) Brittleness :- It is defined as the ability of a material that can resist the mechanical load without plastic deformation.

7) Creep:- It is defined as the time vs strain behaviour of a material under constant mechanical load.

8) Fatigue :- It is defined as the time vs strain behaviour of a material under oscillating mechanical load.

9) Resilience :- It is defined as the ability of a material that can absorb energy against shock and impact load without its shape changes.

10) Malleability :- It is defined as the ability of a material to drawn into thin sheets and wires.

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Engine Terminology and Difference between SI engine and CI engine

Engine Terminology:
1.Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest point away from
the crankshaft.
– Top because this position is at the top of the engines (not always), and dead because the piston
stops as this point.
– When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the cylinder is a minimum called the clearance
volume.
2. Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to the
crankshaft. Volume of the cylinder is maximum.
3. Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position to the other : TDC to BDC
or BDC to TDC.
4. Bore :It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter; piston face diameter is same
as cylinder diameter( minus small clearance).
5. Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through
one stroke.
– Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.
– Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire engine (one cylinder times number of
cylinders).
6. Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the cylinder available for the charge (air or air
fuel mixture) when the piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or outer dead
center) during compression stroke of the cycle.
– Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at TDC.
7. Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to clearance volume of the cylinder is the
compression ratio of the engine.
– Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies
from 12 to 24

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SI ENGINE AND CI ENGINE

SI ENGINES:-


1. Working cycle is Otto cycle.

2. Petrol or gasoline or high
octane fuel is used .

3. High self-ignition temperature.

4. Fuel and air introduced as a
gaseous mixture in the suction
stroke.

5. Carburettor used to provide the
mixture. Throttle controls the
quantity of mixture introduced.

6. Use of spark plug for ignition
system.

7. Compression ratio is 6 to 10.5 .

8. Higher maximum RPM due to
lower weight.

9. Maximum efficiency lower due
to lower compression ratio.

10. Lighter.

CI ENGINES :-

1. Working cycle is diesel cycle.

2. Diesel or high cetane fuel is
used.

3. Low self-ignition temperature.

4. Fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber at high
pressure at the end of
compression stroke.

5. Injector and high pressure pump
used to supply of fuel. Quantity
of fuel regulated in pump.

6. Self-ignition by the compression
of air which increased the
temperature required for
combustion.

7. Compression ratio is 14 to 22.

8. Lower maximum RPM.

9.Higher maximum efficiency due
to higher compression ratio.

10.Heavier due to higher pressures.

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AFCAT AND EKT EXAM PATTERN AND SYLLABUS

Indian Air Force Conducts Air Force Common Admission Test, popularly known as AFCAT EXAM twice every year. The purpose of this test is to recruit officers (both men and women) for three branches of Air Force namely

• Flying Duty
• Technical Duty
• Ground Duty

So here is the syllabus of AFCAT and EKT

AFCAT EXAM SYLLABUS

(a) General Awareness:

• History
• Sports
• Geography
• Environment
• Civics
• Basic Science
• Defence
• Art
• Culture
• Current Affairs
• Politics 

(b) Verbal Ability in English

•  Comprehension
• Error Detection
• Sentence Completion
• Synonyms
• Antonyms 
• Testing of Vocabulary

(c) Numerical Ability  

• Decimal Fraction
• Simplification
• Average
• Profit & loss
• Percentage
• Ratio & Proportion 
• Simple Interest 

(d) Reasoning and Military Aptitude Test 

• Verbal Skills  
• Spatial Ability

EKT Syllabus for Mechanical Engineering

Fundamental Engineering

1. Engineering Mathematics: Matrix Algebra, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Theorems of integral calculus, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. First order differential equation (linear and nonlinear), Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Complex variables, Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Sampling theorems, Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.

2. Engineering Physics:Units for measurement, Description of Motion in One, Two and Three dimensions, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Rotational Motion, Gravitation, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Electric Current, Magnetic Effect of Currents, Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments.

3. Engineering Graphics/ Engineering Drawing: Principles of orthographic projections, projections of points, lines, planes and solids, Section of solids, Isometric views, Auto-CAD.

Specialization Branch Topics

4. Engineering Mechanics: Equations of equilibrium in space and its application; first and second moments of area; simple problems on friction; kinematics of particles for plane motion; elementary particle dynamics. Generalized Hooke’s law and its application; design problems on axial stress, shear stress and bearing stress; material properties for dynamic loading; bending shear and stresses in beams; determination of principle stresses and strains - analytical and graphical; material behaviour and design factors for dynamic load; design of circular shafts for bending and torsional load only; deflection of beam for statically determinate problems; theories of failure.

5. Thermodynamics: Basic concept of First –law and second law of Thermodynamics; concept of entropy and reversibility; availability and unavailability and irreversibility. Classification and properties of fluids; incompressible and compressible fluids flows; effect of Mach number and compressibility; continuity momentum and energy equations; normal and oblique shocks; one dimensional isentropic flow; flow or fluids in duct with frictions that transfer. Flow through fans, blowers and compressors; axial and centrifugal flow configuration; design of fans and compressors

6. Theory of Machines :Kinematic and dynamic analysis of plane mechanisms. Cams, Gears and epicyclic gear trains, flywheels, governors, balancing of rigid rotors, balancing of single and multicylinder engines, linear vibration analysis of mechanical systems (single degree of freedom), Critical speeds and whirling of shafts. flywheels, balancing of rotors and reciprocating machinery, balancing machines, governors, free and forced vibration of damped and undamped single degree of freedom systems, isolation, whirling of shafts, gyroscope

7. Fluid mechanics/Hydraulic Machines: Fluid flow concepts - Transport theorem - Fluid kinematics - Potential flow - Governing equations of Fluid flow - Dimensional Analysis - Viscous flow - Boundary Layer flows - Turbulence - Closed conduit flows - Hydrodynamic lubrication - Free surface flow - Compressible flows, Hydraulic Turbines: Impulse and Reaction Turbines - Centrifugal and Axial flow pumps.

8. Manufacturing Science: Foundry Technology, Melting furnaces, Special casting processes, Gating and riser design, Casting defects, Arc welding, TIG, MIG, submerged arc, resistance welding, Gas welding, Flash butt welding, Solid state welding, Welding metallurgy, Forming Technology, Powder metallurgy.

9. Materials Science: Basic concepts on structure of solids; common ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their applications; heat-treatment of steels; non-metals- plastics, ceramics, composite materials and nano-materials.

10. Machine Drawing: Development and Intersection of surfaces, Conventional representation of machine elements, materials, surface finish and tolerances - Sectional views and additional views - Drawing of Screw threads, locking devices, Fasteners, Keys and Cotters, Knuckle joints, Riveted Joints, Shaft Couplings and Bearings - Pipe Joints, Assembly and production drawings.

Allied Engineering

11. Automotive Engineering:. Introduction, power plant, fuel system, electrical system and other electrical fittings, lubricating system and cooling systems, chassis and transmission, axles, clutches, propeller shafts and differential, Condition for correct steering, steering gear mechanisms, automotive air conditioning, Tyres, effect of working parameters on knocking, reduction of knocking; Forms of combustion chamber for SI and CI engines; rating of fuels; additives; emission.

12. Power Plant Engineering :Steam power plant, steam boilers, steam condensers, cooling towers, cogeneration and combined cycles, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, power plant economics.

13. Industrial Engineering: System design: factory location- simple OR models; plant layout - methods based; applications of engineering economic analysis and break- even analysis for product selection, process selection and capacity planning; predetermined time standards. System planning; forecasting methods based on regression and decomposition, design and balancing of multi model and stochastic assembly lines; inventory management – probabilistic inventory models for order time and order quantity determination; JIT systems; strategic sourcing; managing inter plant logistics.

14. Aircraft Structures: Stress and Strain: Equations of equilibrium, constitutive law, strain-displacement relationship, compatibility equations, plane stress and strain, Airy’s stress function. Flight Vehicle Structures: Characteristics of aircraft structures and materials, torsion, bending and flexural shear. Flexural shear flow in thin walledsections. Buckling. Failure theories. Loads on aircraft. Structural Dynamics: Free and forced vibration of discrete systems. Damping and resonance. Dynamics of continuous systems.

15. Flight Mechanics.: Atmosphere: Properties, standard atmosphere. Classification of aircraft. Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configuration and various parts. Airplane performance: Pressure altitude; equivalent, calibrated, indicated air speeds; Primary flight instruments: Altimeter, ASI, VSI, Turn-bank indicator. Drag polar; takeoff and landing; steady climb & descent,-absolute and service ceiling; cruise, cruise climb, endurance or loiter; load factor, turning flight, V-n diagram; Winds: head, tail & cross winds. Static stability: Angle of attack, sideslip; roll, pitch & yaw controls; longitudinal stick fixed & free stability, horizontal tail position and size; directional stability

16. Aerodynamics: Basic Fluid Mechanics: Incompressible irrotational flow, Helmholtz and Kelvin theorem, singularities and superposition, viscous flows, boundary layer on a flat plate. Airfoils and wings: Classification of airfoils, aerodynamic characteristics, high lift devices, Kutta Joukowski theorem; lift generation; thin airfoil theory; wing theory; induced drag; qualitative treatment of low aspect ratio wings. Viscous Flows: Flow separation, introduction to turbulence, transition, structure of a turbulent boundary layer. Compressible Flows: Dynamics and Thermodynamics of I-D flow, isentropic flow, normal shock, oblique shock.

GATE Mechanical engineering important topics for Fluid Mechanics

GATE is the aim for many aspiring candidates preparing with full dedication and are enthralled to crack GATE with good score. The effective preparations for GATE includes targeting of important topics for each subject while preparing for GATE keeping in mind about the vast syllabus and proper time management  for each subject.

In this Article we will provide the each topic of fluid dynamics is based on Previous year analysis and expected pattern of questions which would be useful in preparing for gate and aiming to grab Maximum marks out of fluid dynamics. 

Topics Asked in GATE ME 2017 & GATE ME 2016 for Fluid Mechanics 

Fluid Mechanics	GATE ME 2017	GATE ME 2016
Average marks	10	9
Topics Covered	Flow through pipes, Boundary layer theory, fluid kinematics, Divergence, Stability of floating Body, Fluid kinetics, Turbines, pump	Continuity; Pipe flow Impact of Jet ; Fluid Kinematics; boundary layer; turbulent flow, stability of floating bodies; turbine,

Most Important Topics in Fluid Mechanics 

• Based on the analysis of previous GATE ME exam papers it has been observed that many questions were asked from this subject in GATE ME exam.
• Therefore preparing the relevant topics from this subject would give an edge over others. Expected marks for GATE 2018 in Fluid Mechanics would be from 8 marks to 11 marks.

Most important topics in Fluid Mechanics which may be expected for Gate

• Fluid Statics
• Bernoulli Equation & Application
• Fluid Kinematics
• Boundary Layer
• Losses in Pipe flow
• Turbines & Pumps

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PSU Recruitment through gate 2018 For Mechanical engineering students

Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) is a majority-owned Government Corporation or a company, it may be classified as Central or State Government. Today more than 3000 jobs are available through GATE Exam for engineering graduates in major PSUs in India.

GATE score is also useful for taking admission into IITs, NITs, other premier institutes. Here you can find information about PSUs or Public Sector Undertakings recruit through GATE score.

GATE 2018 Exam not only tests your technical skills, but it also tests your analytical & logical skills.

PSU Through GATE 2018

The following all the PSUs recruiting through GATE 2018 Score.

1. Indian Oil (IOCL)

• Post Name: Engineers/Officers
• Application Date: January 5 to February 4, 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Chemical, Civil, Computer Science & IT, Electrical, Electronics & Communications, Instrumentation, Mechanical, Metallurgy, Petroleum, Polymer

2. HAL

• Post Name: Management Trainee
• Number of Posts: -
• Application Date:-
• Eligible Disciplines: Electrical/Electronics/Mechanical/Civil

3. BHEL

• Post Name: Engineer Trainee
• Application Date: 9th January- 3rd February 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/Electrical

4. BPCL

• Post Name: Management Trainee
• Application Date: - 5th January 2018- 2nd February 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical

5. NTPC

• Post Name: Executive Trainee
• Application Date: Jan 10 to Jan 31, 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Electrical/ Mechanical/ Civil/Electronics & Instrumentation. 

6. BEML

• Post Name: Management Trainee
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/ Electrical/Metallurgy
• For detailed BEML 2018 notification click here

7. GAIL

• Post Name: Executive Trainee
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Chemical/ Mechanical/Electrical/Instrumentation/Civil/Computer Science.

8. NLC

• Post Name: Graduate Executive Trainee
• Application Date: 6th January to 27th January 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/ Electrical/ Electronics/ Civil/ Instrumentation/ Computer Science/ Mining

9. HPCL

• Post Name: Officer
• Application Date: January 10 to February 12, 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/ Civil/ Electrical/ Electronics / Instrumentation / Chemical
• 
  

14. MDL

• Post Name: Executive Trainee (Technical)
• Number of posts: -
• Application Date:  January 8 to February 7, 2018
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical / Electrical

16. HPU (Haryana Power Utilities )

• Post Name: Assistant Engineer
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Computer Science / Electrical / Electronics / Mechanical / Civil

17. Midhani (Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited)

• Post Name: Management Trainee
• Number of Posts: 
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical, Metallurgy and Electrical Engineering

18. CEL

• Post Name: Graduate Engineers
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Electronics & Communication/Mechanical/Electrical/Civil
• CEL Online Application

19. NPCIL

• Post Name: Executive Trainee
• Application Date: After GATE Exam 
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/ Electrical/ Instrumentation/ Chemical/ Electronics/ Civil

21. ONGC

• Post Name: Graduate Trainee
• Application Date: March/April 2018 (Tentative)
• Eligible Disciplines:  ME, PE, CE, EC, PH, IN, GG, CY, CS, EE

24. BSPCL

• Post Name: IT Manager / Assitant Engineer
• Eligible Disciplines: CS, ME, EC

25. . RITES

• Post Name: Graduate Engineer Trainee
• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

26. NFL

• Post Name: Management Trainee
• Eligible Disciplines: Chemical/ Mechanical/ Electrical/ Instrumentation/Computer Science

28. PSTCL

• Eligible Disciplines: Electrical/ Electrical & Electronics/ Mechanical/ Electronics & Communication/ Instrumentation & Control/ Civil/ Computer Science/ IT

30. NHPC

• Eligible Disciplines: EE, EC, CE, ME, PE, GG

31. Oil India

• Application Date: 
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical Engineering / PG in Geo Physics/Geology

32. MECL

• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical Engineering/ Petroleum Engineering/ Geophysics/ Geology

33. THDC

• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical, Electrical and Civil Engineering

34. OPGC

• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, C & I

35. GSECL

• Eligible Disciplines: Electrical, Mechanical, C & I, Metallurgy and Environment Engineering

36. NALCO

• Post Name: Graduate Engineer
• Eligible Disciplines: ME, EE, CH, CE

38. BNPM

• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical/ Electrical/ Electronics & Communication and Chemical Engineering

39.SAIL

• Post Name: Management Trainee (Technical)
• Application Date: Notified soon
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical, Electrical, Instrumentation, Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Engineering

40.VIZAG Steel

• Post Name: Management Trainee (Technical)
• Application Date: Notified soon
• Eligible Disciplines: Mechanical, Electrical .

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Best Book for Strength of Material

Strength of Materials is considered as the base of mechanical Engineering syllabus, as candidates learn the subject in the initial phase of engineering. This subject is also one of the favourite subjects to appear in competitive exams such as GATE, ESE, ISRO,BARC and others.

1.Elements of Strength of Materials (Timoshenko)

• The book deals with mechanics of materials, which tells us about how objects withstand strain and stress and rely upon geometrical and physical considerations of deformations.
• The study of the strength of materials sometimes refers to different methods used to calculate stresses in structures like a column, shaft or a beam. A newer set of examples and problems have replaced the older ones, along with answers to all the problems.

Click here to download book:-Download som by RKBANSAL

2.Strength of Materials  (S. Ramamrutham)

• This book on the Strength of Materials deals with the basic principles of the subject.All topics have been introduced in a simple manner. The book has been written mainly in the M.K.S. system of units.
• Problems have been taken from A.M.I.E. and various university examinations.
• This edition contains hundreds of fully solved problems besides many problems set for exercise at the end of each chapter. 

3.A Textbook Of Strength Of Materials (R K Bansal)

• This edition has been thoroughly revised and made up-to-date. A large number of numerical problems from different B.E. degree examinations have been added with solution.
• At the end of each chapter, highlights, theoretical questions and many unsolved numerical problems with answers have been given for the students to practice them.
• A large number of Objective Type Multiple Choice Questions, asked in the most of the competitive examinations, have been incorporated in this edition with answers and explanations to make this edition more useful for competitive examinations

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Work Transfer

1) work is one of the basic modes of energy.
2) Force is not a form of energy, only it transmitts an effect from one body to another.
3) work is done by the system is taken as positive.
4) Work done on the system is taken as negative.
5)Its unit is Nm or joule. (1Nm=1joule)
6)Power:- The rate at which the work is done by or upon the system is known as power. Its unit is J/sec or watt.
7)work is a path function.
8)Work done is a quasi static process.
9) The differential of path function is imperfect or inexact differential.
10)Thermodynamic properties are point function and its differential are exact or perfect differential.
11) The cyclic integral of the thermodynamic properties are zero because thermodynamic properties are point function . So, the initial and final position are same. So their differences is zero.

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Modes of heat transfer

Heat is transferred from one body to another in three possible ways, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION.

Conduction:

CONDUCTION (more accurately, thermal conduction) is the flow of heat from a hot part of a body to a cooler part, without transfer of matter.

Conduction can also take place from one body to another, provided the two bodies are in contact, and a temperature difference exists between them. For example, a pot on a hot plate is heated by conduction from the stove surface, via the underside of the pot.

Conduction is the energy transfer from the more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to interaction between them, a microscopic activity.

Convection:

CONVECTION of heat takes place in fluids (i.e., liquids and gases), and involves the movement of matter from hot regions to cooler regions. This takes place because the hot regions of the fluid are less dense than the cooler regions, and so will tend to rise. As the warm fluid rises, it is replaced by cooler liquid from above. A so-called convection current is set up.

In the photograph on the right, convection causes the warm regions of the liquid, coloured with a dye, to rise towards the top.

Convection of air masses is responsible for weather. We also use the principle of convection in the heaters that warm our homes.

Convection is the energy transfer due to random molecular motion a long with the macroscopic motion of the fluid particles.

Radiation:

RADIATION of heat is the transfer of heat energy in the form of waves in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This process can take place in a vacuum, and is in fact the way in which heat from the sun reaches the earth across 150 million km of empty space. All objects above absolute zero radiate heat energy to a greater or lesser extent.

Special equipment enables one to visualize the heat energy radiated by objects. This is called THERMAL IMAGING. The picture on the left is that of a warship photographed with equipment sensitive to infrared radiation.

The amount of heat radiated onto unit area obeys the inverse square law, so, the further an object is from the source of heat, the less the heat which is available on a unit area.

It is the energy emitted by matter which is at finite temperature. All forms of matter emit radiation attributed to changes m the electron configuration of the constituent atoms or molecules. The transfer of energy by conduction and convection requires the presence of a material medium whereas radiation does not. In fact radiation transfer is most efficient in vacuum.

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Important technical questions for ESE and GATE ME

Engineering  Services Examination (ESE) is one of the most prestigious examinations conducted in India by UPSC. It gives an opportunity to engineers to work under the government of India and designated as Class – 1 officer in public sectors such as Indian Railways, Power, Telecommunications, Central Water Engineering, Defence service of Engineers, Central Engineering Service, etc. The ESE examination paper is conducted for four branches: Mechanical Engineering, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Civil Engineering.

Here we are providing all important technical questions which were asked in previous ESE interviews and will be useful for ESE interview.

• Which one is more efficient Four stroke engine and a two stoke engine and why?
• Difference between Flywheel and Governor
• Difference btw nozzle and diffuser?
• Difference between bending moment and twisting moment?
• Difference between induced draft cooling tower& natural draft cooling tower?
• Difference between Performance and Efficiency?
• Difference between PERT and CPM.
• Difference between stress and pressure?
• Difference between refrigerator and air conditioner?
• Difference between turbopropulsion and turbojet?
• Diffrent types of dynamometers?
• Do India have drones? what are drones?
• Draw the diagram of diesel cycle?
• Draw the Merchant circle diagram and explain it?
• Draw the p-v diagram of Rankine cycle?
• During the design of a friction clutch what are the considerations that should be made?
• Explain Brayton Cycle and Otto Cycle?
• Explain fluid coupling, fluid torque converter?
• Explain the difference between projectile motion and rocket motion?
• Explain the difference between projectile motion and rocket motion?
• Explain two stroke and four stroke engine.
• Explain difference between hot rolling and cold rolling?
• Explain, why re-heater is used in gas turbine?
• Find the material which conduct faster heat among steel, copper and brass.
• For what purpose venturimeter is used?
• Give some difference between Antifriction Bearing and Journal Bearing?
• How a Diesel Engine Works as Generator?
• How a pressure cooker works?
• How braking is done in ship?
• How can a square section cut in lathe?
• How nozzle work?
• How screw jack works?
• How to measure temperature of Bearing?
• If a body critically damped, what will happen to its motion?
• Interpret a Stress vs. Strain Curve.
• Is cast iron weldable?
• On what basis can sliding contact bearings be classified?
• Poisson’s Ratio is Higher in, Rubber/Steel/Wood?
• Tell any four properties of steel?
• Tell us boiler thickness formulas
• Tell us different types of hardness testing method.
• Tell us forecasting models? Explain Delphi method.
• Types of refrigeration and where they are used?
• What are different failure theories of solid material and what is distortion energy failure?
• What are different types of paintings?
• What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of using LPG in Car?
• What are the different theories of failure under static load, explain briefly?
• What are the different types of bearings?
• What are the different types of couplings and its applications?
• What are the different welding defects?
• What are the effects of boiler scale formation?
• What are the pollutants or emission from vehicle?
• What are the rules that must be kept in mind while designing castings?
• What are the safety devices in railway?
• What is air density?
• What is an arc welding and tell its different types?
• What is CMM?
• What is Cotter joint?
• What is critical damping ratio? What is the physical significance?
• What is damper?
• What is FMS? Tool signature?
• What is heat treatment process?
• What is Hook`s Law ?
• What is the difference between ductile and brittle material.
• What is Hydrodynamic Cavitation?
• What is Hydrostatic System?
• What is inventory? How it can be maintained?
• What is meant by gear ratio?
• What is meant by vibration isolation in machines?
• What is Operating Pressure?
• What is painting?
• What is primary and secondary balancing?
• What is process capability?
• What is shot peening?
• What is six sigma concept?
• What is specific gravity of a fluid?
• What is stress concentration factor?
• What is the calorific value of CNG, ethylene?
• What is the Density of mild steel?
• What is the density of petrol?
• What is the difference between a Shaper machine and a Planner machine?
• What is the difference between drilling and boring?
• What is the difference between Fan and Blower?
• What is the difference between lathe & milling machine?
• What is the difference between thin and thick cylinder?
• What is the different type of braking used in automobile?
• What is the effect of reheater in the gas turbine?
• What is the engineering?
• What is the mechanical?
• What is the position of Piston Ring?
• What is the process flow diagram?
• What is the shape of bending moment of the UDL?
• What is the significance of line of action in gear?
• What is the advantage of disc brake over drum brake?
• What is value engineering?
• What is water hammer?
• What is crankshaft?
• what kind of  technology used to reduce emission?
• What kind of materials should be used for shafts manufacturing?
• What will happen if the speed of the centrifugal pump is doubled?
• What is the order of firing in 4-cylnder engine?
• What is the Mach Number and its importance?
• What is pure shear and pure bending?
• When Crude Oil is Heated, Which Hydro Carbon comes first?
• Where cavitation occurs in hydraulic machines?
• Where did nuclear disaster take place?
• Where half nut is used?
• Which is hard material Cast Iron or Mild Steel?
• Which is heavier 1kg Cotton or 1kg Iron?
• Which one have density petrol or water?
• Which one is stronger: thick steel wire or thick steel wire?
• Which operation converts the square block into circular shaft?
• Which type of brake used in railway?
• Which type of coaches ICF manufactured
• Which type of flow when the water falls from a tap?
• Which type of springs used in railway w
• Who invented a four stroke engine?
• Why are the heavy vehicles made by diesel engine?
• Why is carbon added to iron?
• Why is the Entropy decreases with increase in temperature?

• Why is the Centrifugal Pump called High Discharge pump?
• Why is centrifugal casting developed for manufacturing hollow casting?
• Why should a chain drive be used over a belt or rope driven drive?
• Why the rail in form of I-beam?
• Why there is concern for setting nuclear power plant?
• Why is Throttle valve used in stream engine?
• Working & advantage of four strokes IC engine?

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Otto cycle, Diesel cycle and Dual cycle

Cycle: A cycle is defined as a repeated series of operations occurring in a certain order. In other words, any process or series of processes whose end states are identical termed as cycle.

Assumptions of Air Standard Cycle:

• Assume working medium as perfect gas (ideal gas).
• No change in mass of working period.
• Reversible processes.
• Supply of heat from a constant high temperature source (not from chemical reactions) and rejection of heal to a constant low temperature source.
• Not heat losses from the system to surroundings.
• Constant specific heats through the cycle.

Types of Cycles

Carnot Cycle: Carnot cycle is an ideal cycle in which all the processes constituting a reversible cycle. This cycle consists of two isothermal and two reversible adiabatic processes.

• Process 1 – 2 is isothermal compression process
• Process 2 – 3 is adiabatic process (isentropic process)
• Process 3 – 4 is isothermal expansive process
• Process 4 – 1 is adiabatic process (isentropic process)

All the processes are reversible.

where, T₁ = Temperature at process 1, and T₃ = Temperature at process 3.

Carnot cycle has a low mean effective pressure because of very low work output.

The Stirling Cycle: It is modified form of Carnot cycle with high mean effective pressure. It consists of two isothermal and two constant volume processes.

• Isothermal process:

• Constant volume process

 (same as Carnot cycle)

• In practical Stirling cycle, efficiency will be less than Carnot efficiency.
• For heat exchange efficiency:

where, E = Heat exchanger effectiveness.

The Ericsson Cycle: It consists of two isothermal and two constant pressure processes. The processes are

• Process 1-2 is reversible isothermal compression
• Process 2-3 is constant pressure heat addition
• Process 3-4 is reversible isothermal expansion
• Process 4-1 is constant pressure heat rejection

The advantage of the Ericsson cycle is its small pressure ratio for given ratio of maximum to minimum specific volume with higher mean effective pressure. Ericsson cycle is applied by a gas turbine employing a large number of stages with heat exchangers, insulators and repeater

The thermal efficiency of Ericsson, cycle is given by,

The Otto Cycle: The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles). Petrol engine works on the Otto cycle. In petrol engine, fuel burnt by spark ignition. It consists, two isentropic processes (reversible adiabatic) and two constant volume processes.

• Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic compression of air
• Process 2-3 is heat addition constant volume.
• Process 3-4 is reversible isothermal expansion of air
• Process 4-1 is heat rejection at constant volume.

Compression ratio 

where, Q_s = Heat supplied during the isothermal process.

Q_R = Heat rejected during the isothermal expression process

Work Output (W): It can be measures as

where, Q_s = Heat supplied, and Q_R = Heat rejected

Heat supplied:

Q_S = m C_V (T₃ – T₂)

Heat rejected:

Q_R = mC_V (T₄ – T₁)

where, γ = Specific heat ratio, and r_p = Pressure ratio

Pressure ratio: 

Value of 𝛄 (Ratio of Specific Heat):

• For monoatomic gas γ = 1.67
• For air γ = 1.40
• For exhaust gas γ = 1.30

Mean Effective Pressure: It is defined as the ratio of the net work done to the displacement volume of the piston.

Swept volume = V₁ – V₂ = V₂ (r – 1)

where, p_m = Mean effective pressure, r_p = Pressure ratio, and γ = Specific heat ratio.

The Diesel Cycle: This cycle is used in diesel engine. In diesel engine, fuel is burnt by compressing the air up to high pressure. It consists of two isentropic processes, one constant volume process and one constant pressure process.

• Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic compression
• Process 2-3 is constant pressure heat addition
• Process 3-4 is reversible adiabatic compression
• Process 4-1 is constant volume heat rejection

Volume ratio or cut-off ratio: 

Compression ratio: 

Work Output: Work output can be calculated by the following relation.

Where, r = Compression ratio, and r_c = Cut-off ratio.

Dual Cycle: In this cycle, heat is added partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. It consists of two isentropic processes, two constant volume processes and one constant pressure process.

• Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic compression
• Process 2-3 is constant volume heat addition
• Process 3-4 is constant pressure heat addition
• Process 4-5 is reversible adiabatic expansion
• Process 5-1 is constant volume heat rejection

• Efficiency 
• Work output

• Mean effective pressure

Comparison of Efficiencies in Cycles:

For same compression ratio and heat addition

For same compression ratio and heat rejection

Same peak pressure, peak temperature and heat rejection

Same maximum pressure and heat input

Same maximum pressure and work output

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